CP Biology – Inheritance Practice Test

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• How can the environment influence the phenotype of a polygenic trait?
• Turner syndrome is characterized by which sex chromosome complement?
• Example of a homozygous recessive genotype?
• What explains why individuals with the same genotype can show different phenotypes (variable expressivity)?
• What chromosomal abnormality results from nondisjunction in meiosis and is associated with Down syndrome?
• How does the sickle cell allele demonstrate codominance?
• In an Aa × Aa cross, what percentage of offspring are AA?
• What is the maximum observable recombination frequency for two genes that are linked on the same chromosome?
• Why do gametes contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells?
• Which processes during meiosis contribute to genetic variation by shuffling alleles and chromosomes?
• Which genotype is homozygous dominant for freckles?
• Which is a heterozygous genotype?
• Give an example of an autosomal dominant disorder.
• If a heterozygous freckled parent mates with a homozygous recessive parent, what fraction display freckles?
• In a dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb, how many phenotypic classes are expected?
• Which genotype describes a female carrier for an X-linked recessive trait?
• If both parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive mutation, what is the probability their child will be affected?
• How are recessive alleles written?
• Which clue in a pedigree would suggest an X-linked trait?
• Which statement is false about DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
• Which describes autosomal dominant pedigree pattern?
• Which statement correctly defines genotype and phenotype?
• What does the genotypic ratio describe?
• What does genotype refer to?
• Give an example of an autosomal recessive disorder.
• What is a Barr body and why does it form?
• What is the genotype distribution for an Aa × Aa cross?
• In humans, how many chromosomes are in a gamete?
• Which genotype is heterozygous for freckles?
• If genotype Aa, which phenotype is expressed?
• If a phenotype shows freckles, which statement about genotype could be true?
• What is a gamete?
• In a dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb with independent assortment, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?
• In a cross Aa x Aa, which genotypes can show the dominant phenotype?
• Which notation represents a homozygous dominant genotype?
• Why is crossing over important in meiosis?
• What is the purpose of meiosis?
• In humans, which statement correctly describes chromosome numbers in body cells and gametes?
• In the same cross, what fraction of daughters are carriers?
• If two carriers for an autosomal recessive trait have a child, what is the probability the child is affected?
• Which statement best describes recombination frequency and its use in genetic mapping?
• In genetics, epistasis occurs when expression at one gene masks the effect of another gene at a different locus. Which of the following is a classic example of epistasis?
• What does it mean that males are hemizygous for X-linked genes?
• If a person with IAIB (type AB) mates with another IAIB (type AB), what phenotypes do the offspring display and at what proportions?
• Which statement correctly describes complete dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance?
• What is crossing over?
• What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
• Punnett square is
• How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?
• Which notation represents a heterozygous genotype?
• What is the female genotype notation for a person who is homozygous recessive for an X-linked trait?
• For a trait where T is the dominant allele for tall height, which genotype(s) produce a tall phenotype?
• What is the genotype notation for a male affected by an X-linked recessive trait?
• Which phenotype best describes the freckle trait?
• Which chromosome carries genes for autosomal traits?
• In Hardy-Weinberg, which genotype corresponds to the frequency 2pq?
• If an organism shows a dominant trait, which statement is true?
• A chromosome is?
• Number of chromosomes in human body cells?
• What percentage of offspring show the recessive phenotype in an Aa × Aa cross?
• What phenotype does aa produce?
• Which statement correctly describes the use of probability in genetics?
• What do scientists study in genetics?
• In the brown eyes example, which statements about genotype are true?
• What percentage of offspring show the dominant phenotype in an Aa × Aa cross?
• What occurs when egg and sperm unite during reproduction?
• In an Aa × Aa cross, what is the probability of a recessive phenotype?
• Which term describes a cell that carries two different alleles for a gene?
• A gene is best described as?
• Which statement about chromosomes is true?
• What is a dominant allele?
• What is the relationship between a gene's locus and its expression?
• Which term describes the observable trait such as eye color?
• Number of chromosomes inherited from each parent?
• Which is an example of a sex-limited trait?
• What are homologous chromosomes?
• What phenotype does Aa produce?
• What is the role of the Y chromosome in human sex determination?
• What is the difference between genotype ratio and phenotype ratio?
• Which describes the observable trait proportion in a generation?
• What is incomplete dominance? Provide an example.
• Distinguish between sex-influenced traits and sex-limited traits. Which statement correctly describes them?
• Describe a trait that is autosomal recessive in a pedigree.
• Probability of flipping heads twice in a row is
• In a cross between an affected male (X^aY) and a carrier female (X^A X^a), what fraction of sons are affected?
• Which genotype results in the recessive phenotype (short) for a trait where tall is dominant?
• What is a karyotype?
• What does expressivity describe?
• What is the result of crossing over between homologous chromosomes?
• What is a primary focus of genetics?
• Which type of cell division reduces the chromosome number by half?
• Probability of flipping heads once on a fair coin is
• In ABO blood group genetics, which statement about dominance is correct?
• Which term describes the observable trait such as freckles?
• What phenotype does AA produce?
• What is the term for the phenomenon where only one of the two X chromosomes is active in a female cell?
• Monosomy X results in Turner syndrome. Which chromosomal pattern is associated with Turner syndrome?
• Which description illustrates codominance?
• DNA is best described as?
• Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes what in a population?
• How do offspring inherit traits from their parents?
• What term describes an organism's visible traits, such as height and flower color?
• Cross FF with ff produces offspring that are all heterozygous.
• Which statement correctly describes a haploid cell?
• What does homozygous mean?
• In setting up a Punnett square, what is the second step?
• Explain the pattern of inheritance for an X-linked dominant trait. Which statement is correct?
• Probability of flipping heads four times in a row is
• If a carrier female (X^AX^a) mates with an affected male (X^aY), what percent of daughters are affected?
• What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for a non-evolving population?
• Which describes autosomal recessive pedigree pattern?
• In an X-linked recessive cross between an affected male (X^aY) and an unaffected female (X^AX^A), which outcome best describes the offspring?
• In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what does p^2 represent?
• If two short plants (tt) are crossed, what is the expected phenotype ratio among the offspring?
• What is an allele?
• How does gene linkage differ from independent assortment, and what is the role of crossing over?
• Which term describes the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
• What is the phenotypic ratio for an Aa × Aa cross?
• Meiosis is best described as which of the following?
• How is probability used in genetics?
• What is the purpose of a Punnett square in genetics?
• In the ABO blood group system, which genotype yields the AB blood type?
• Which statement about gametes is true?
• What does heterozygous mean?
• Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
• What is a phenocopy?
• If one parent has two dominant alleles and the other parent has two recessive alleles, which describes the offspring's genotype?
• What are homologous chromosomes?
• Why can siblings look different from each other?
• What is codominance? Provide an example.
• What is heredity?
• What defines a sex-linked trait, and which chromosome carries its genes?
• How are dominant alleles written?
• A trait is defined as?
• What defines a recessive allele?
• What does penetrance describe in genetics?
• Define polygenic inheritance and give two examples.
• What is the term for the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome?
• If crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, what is the result?
• Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from the mother?
• Which of the following best defines phenotype?
• Which genotype corresponds to homozygous recessive?
• What is the genotypic ratio in a monohybrid Aa × Aa cross?
• Which statement defines epistasis?
• Which statement about inheritance is incorrect?
• Which genotypes express the dominant phenotype?
• What does the phenotypic ratio describe?
• If p = 0.6 and q = 0.4, what is the expected heterozygote frequency under Hardy-Weinberg?
• In the ABO blood group system, which type is the universal donor and which is the universal recipient?
• Which genotype represents the recessive allele for freckles?
• Which statement about the notation Aa is true?
• In an autosomal dominant disorder such as Huntington's disease, if one parent is heterozygous affected (Aa) and the other is unaffected (aa), what fraction of offspring would be affected?
• What does phenotype refer to?
• Genetics is the study of heredity.
• In incomplete dominance, crossing pink heterozygotes (Rr x Rr) yields which genotype ratio?
• Which inheritance pattern involves multiple genes and produces continuous variation?
• If a homozygous dominant individual (BB) is crossed with a homozygous recessive (bb), what is the phenotype of all offspring?
• What does probability describe in general terms?
• Which processes during meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
• Which statement describes a homozygous genotype?
• In a cross showing incomplete dominance, what is true about the heterozygote?
• In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous tall plants (Tt x Tt), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of height among the offspring?
• Cross between two heterozygous parents yields offspring with genotypes?
• If an individual has two dominant alleles for freckles, what is the phenotype?
• The boxes inside a Punnett square represent what?
• Which statement about human somatic chromosomes is true?
• Which term describes the observable trait of an organism?
• In a Punnett square, where do you place one parent's alleles?
• If an organism shows a recessive trait, its genotype must be
• In a single-gene trait with complete dominance, what phenotypic ratio is produced in an Aa × Aa cross?
• What is the main idea of heredity?
• For a recessive phenotype to be expressed, which genotype is required?
• What is the genotype of a true-breeding tall plant if tall is dominant over short?
• What do Punnett squares show?
• Which statement is true about the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
• If a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a homozygous short plant (tt), what are the offspring's genotype and phenotype ratios?
• If genotype AA, what can be said about its phenotype?
• Example of a homozygous dominant genotype?
• Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics. Which option correctly identifies him?
• What is a genetic test cross used for?